Insomnia symptoms during the covid-19 pandemic: a case-control study / Sintomas de insônia durante a pandemia de covid-19: um estudo caso-controle

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To identify lifestyle-related, sociodemographic, and mental health characteristics of people with insomnia symptoms and people without insomnia during the pandemic. METHODS A case-control study was conducted with data collected by snowball sampling using an online questionnaire. From November 2020 to April 2021, 6,360 people with a mean age of 43.5 years (SD = 14.3) participated in the survey. For this study, we considered 158 cases of insomnia disorder and 476 controls (three controls per case) randomly selected from the participants without sleep problems. RESULTS The results of the comparative analysis between cases and controls showed that sleeping less than six hours daily (OR = 3.89; 95%CI 2.50-6.05), feeling sadness frequently (OR = 2.95; 95%CI 1.69-5.17), residing in metropolitan areas (OR = 1.71; 95%CI 1.04-2.84), being 40 years or older (OR = 1.93; 95%CI 1.22-3.06), and the interaction between occupation and poorer education (OR = 2.12; 95%CI 1.22-3.69) were predictors for symptoms of insomnia disorder during the pandemic. CONCLUSIONS In addition to confirming the hypothesis that mental health problems are associated with insomnia symptoms, the results point to insomnia as an important outcome for studies on the effects of unemployment, vulnerability and low education of the population, especially in large cities, highlighting that the effects of the crisis on health and the economy are extremely unequally distributed.

RESUMO OBJETIVO Identificar características relacionadas ao estilo de vida, sociodemográficas e saúde mental de pessoas com sintomas de insônia e pessoas sem insônia durante a pandemia. MÉTODOS A partir de dados coletados por amostragem em bola de neve, por meio de um questionário online foi realizado um estudo caso-controle. Durante o período de novembro de 2020 a abril de 2021, 6.360 pessoas com idade média de 43,5 anos (DP = 14,3) participaram da pesquisa. No presente estudo, foram considerados 158 casos de transtorno de insônia e 476 controles (três controles por caso) selecionados aleatoriamente dentre os participantes sem problemas de sono. RESULTADOS Os resultados da análise comparativa entre casos e controles mostraram que dormir menos de seis horas diárias (OR = 3,89; IC95% 2,50-6,05), sentir tristeza frequentemente (OR = 2,95; IC95% 1,69-5,17), residir em metrópoles (OR = 1,71; IC95% 1,04-2,84), estar com 40 anos ou mais (OR = 1,93; IC95% 1,22-3,06) e a interação entre ocupação e escolaridade mais precária (OR = 2,12; IC95% 1,22-3,69) foram fatores preditores para sintomas de transtorno de insônia durante a pandemia. CONCLUSÕES Além da confirmação da hipótese de que problemas de saúde mental estão associados a sintomas de insônia, os resultados apontam para a insônia como um desfecho importante para estudos sobre efeitos do desemprego, vulnerabilidade e baixa escolaridade da população, sobretudo nas grandes metrópoles, ressaltando que os efeitos da crise sobre a saúde e a economia são distribuídos de forma extremamente desiguais.

Efectos del confinamiento sobre los hábitos saludables de adolescentes durante la pandemia de COVID-19 / Effects of confinement on the healthy habits of adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic / Efeitos do confinamento nos hábitos saudáveis dos adolescentes durante a pandemia de COVID-19

Introducción: en marzo de 2020, en Uruguay se decretó la emergencia sanitaria al detectarse los primeros casos de infección por SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19). El confinamiento domiciliario voluntario fue una de las medidas de salud pública adoptadas en el control de la pandemia. Objetivo: describir el efecto del confinamiento sobre los hábitos de sueño, alimentación y actividad física de adolescentes de Montevideo y Canelones durante la pandemia de COVID-19. Metodología: encuesta elaborada ad hoc, voluntaria, anónima, online y autoadministrada a adolescentes de 12 a 19 años, usuarios de CASMU, CRAMI, COMECA y Asociación Española, entre el 1 de junio y el 1 de julio de 2020. Se aplicaron cuestionarios validados para evaluar sueño, alimentación y actividad física. Resultados: se encuestaron 465 adolescentes, 70,1% mujeres y 48,2% de adolescencia media. Refirieron permanecer más de 6 horas al día conectados a internet y al celular 58,3% y 42,4%, respectivamente. La convivencia durante el confinamiento resultó agradable en la mayoría. El 76% refirió dormir menos de 9 horas/día. Señaló un consumo adecuado de frutas 6%, verduras 5,8% y lácteos 32,2%. El porcentaje de adolescentes activos descendió de 30,7% previo a la pandemia a 19,7% durante la misma. A la pregunta "¿cuál es la primera palabra que te viene a la mente cuando escuchas pandemia de COVID-19?" la mayoría brindó respuestas negativas. Conclusiones: las medidas de confinamiento no se asociaron con problemas importantes en la convivencia familiar en este grupo de adolescentes. Se observó una profundización de los problemas en los hábitos de alimentación, actividad física, sueño que favorecen el "ambiente obesogénico" y el riesgo de desarrollo de enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles. Resulta relevante considerar el impacto negativo del confinamiento y planificar las medidas preventivas tendientes a mitigar sus efectos.

Introduction: in March 2020, a Health Emergency was decreed in Uruguay when the first cases of the SARS-CoV-2 (COVID 19) infection were detected. Voluntary home confinement was one of the public health measures adopted in theto control the pandemic. Objectives: describe the effects of confinement on sleep, eating and exercise habits of adolescents assisted by private health providers in Montevideo and Canelones during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methodology: ad hoc, voluntary, anonymous, online and self-administered survey to adolescents of 12 to 19 years of age, users of CASMU, CRAMI, COMECA and Asociación Española HMOs, between June 1 and July 1, 2020. Validated questionnaires were applied to assess sleep, diet and exercise habits. Results: 465 adolescents were surveyed, 70.1% women and 48.2% in mid-adolescence. They reported having been connected to Internet and cell phone more than 6 hours a day, 58.3% and 42.4%, respectively. Coexistence during confinement was mostly pleasant. 76% reported sleeping less than 9 hours/day. They reported an appropriate consumption of fruit 6%, vegetables 5.8% and dairy 32.2%. The percentage of active adolescents fell from 30.7% before the pandemic to 19.7% during the pandemic. To the question, What is the first word that comes to mind when you hear about the COVID-19 pandemic? most gave negative responses. Conclusions: confinement measures were not linked to important problems regarding coexistence with relatives in this group of adolescents. We observed a worsening of the eating, exercise and sleep habits, which may favor the "obesogenic environment" and increase the risk of developing chronic non-communicable diseases. It is relevant to consider the negative impact of confinement and plan preventive measures aimed at mitigating its effects.

Introdução: em março de 2020, a Emergência Sanitária foi decretada no Uruguai quando foram detectados os primeiros casos de infecção por SARS-CoV-2 (COVID 19). O confinamento domiciliar voluntário foi uma das medidas de saúde pública adotadas para controlar a pandemia. Objetivo: descrever o efeito do confinamento nos hábitos de sono, alimentação e atividade física de adolescentes em Montevidéu e Canelones durante a pandemia de COVID-19. Metodologia: inquérito ad hoc, voluntário, anônimo, online e autoadministrado a adolescentes de 12 a 19 anos de idade atendido pelas prestadoras CASMU, CRAMI, COMECA e Associação Espanhola, entre 1 de junho e 1 de julho de 2020. Foram aplicados questionários validados para avaliar os seus hábitos de sono, alimentação e atividade física. Resultados: foram pesquisados 465 adolescentes, 70,1% mulheres e 48,2% na adolescência média. 58,3% e 42,4%, respectivamente, relataram ficar mais de 6 horas por dia conectados à internet e ao celular. A convivência durante o confinamento foi agradável para a maioria. 76% relataram dormir menos de 9 horas/dia. 6% deles indicou consumo adequado de frutas, vegetais 5,8% e laticínios 32,2%. O percentual de adolescentes ativos caiu de 30,7% antes da pandemia para 19,7% durante ela. Quando perguntados: Qual é a primeira palavra que vem à mente quando você ouve a pandemia do COVID-19? a maioria forneceu respostas negativas. Conclusões: as medidas de confinamento não estiveram associadas a problemas importantes na vida familiar neste grupo de adolescentes. Observou-se aprofundamento dos problemas nos hábitos alimentares, de exercício físico e de sono que favorecem o "ambiente obesogênico" e o risco de desenvolver doenças crônicas não transmissíveis. É relevante considerar o impacto negativo do confinamento e planejar medidas preventivas visando mitigar seus efeitos.

Síntomas depresivos, ansiosos e insomnio, y posibles factores asociados en personal de salud, en un Hospital General en Suramérica, durante la pandemia por COVID-19 en 2020 / Depressive and anxious symptoms and insomnia, and possible associated factors in health workers, in a General Hospital in South America, during the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020

La pandemia por el nuevo coronavirus COVID- 19 ha tenido impacto en la salud mental del personal médico y de enfermería en todo el mundo. Objetivo: identificar la frecuencia de síntomas depresivos, ansiosos e insomnio y los factores posiblemente relacionados con estos desenlaces en el personal sanitario de un hospital de Suramérica durante el primer pico de la pandemia. Materiales y métodos: se aplicaron las escalas PHQ-9 para depresión, GAD- 7 para ansiedad, ISI - 7 para insomnio en 876 trabajadores de la salud del Hospital Pablo Tobón Uribe en la ciudad de Medellín. Resultados: de los 876 participantes (29,2% médicos, 21.2% profesionales de enfermería y 49,5% auxiliares de enfermería), 357 (40.8%) presentaron síntomas depresivos, 300 (34.2%) síntomas ansiosos y 317 (36.2%) insomnio. Se observaron síntomas de depresión, ansiedad e insomnio, con mayor frecuencia en quienes no tenían las necesidades básicas satisfechas y en quienes se sentían estigmatizados por ser personal de salud. Además, la depresión se presentó con más frecuencia en mujeres, la ansiedad en menores de 44 años y el insomnio en personas separadas. Conclusiones: la frecuencia de problemas de salud mental en el personal de salud es considerable. Estos hallazgos demuestran la necesidad de atención en la salud mental de los profesionales médicos y de enfermería durante la pandemia por COVID-19 y la búsqueda de estrategias para mitigar el riesgo en esta población.

Background: pandemic due to novel coronavirus COVID-19 has impacted on the mental health of health care workers all around the world. Material and Methods: this is a cross sectional study in which questionnaires PHQ-9 for depression, GAD-7 for anxiety, ISI-7 for insomnia were virtually and self administered by 876 health care workers laboring in hospital Pablo Tobón Uribe in Medellin city. Results: from 876 participants (29.2% physicians, 21.2% nurses and 49.5% technical nurses), 357 (40.8%) developed depressive symptoms, 300 (34.2%) anxious symptoms and 317 (36.2%) insomnia. Symptoms of depression, anxiety and insomnia were more frequently found in those who did not have basic needs satisfied and in those who felt stigmatized due to being health personal. Besides, depressive symptoms were more frequent in women, anxious symptoms in people younger than 44 years old and insomnia in divorced people. Conclusions: the frequency of mental health problems in health care workers is significant, these findings bring to light the needs for mental health attention in nurses and doctors during COVID-19 pandemic and the research of strategies to mitigate the risk on this population. Feeling stigmatized and not having basic needs satisfied were associated with symptoms of anxiety, depression and insomnia.

Anxiety, insomnia, and depression during COVID-19 lockdown in elite individual and team sport athletes

Purpose: Pandemic-induced lockdowns disrupted sport training and competition. We aimed to identify the impact on the mental health of high-level athletes and clarify whether the efects difer for team-based and individual athletes. Methods: This cross-sectional survey, stratifed by sex and sport type, collected demographic data and mental health measurements from 274 Brazilian high-performance athletes (142 from team sports and 132 from individual sports) involved with the Brazilian Olympic Committee program for the Tokyo Olympics 2021. Depression, disturbed sleep, and anxiety were assessed by the 9-Item Patient Health Questionnaire, 7-Item Insomnia Severity Index, and 7-Item Generalized Anxiety Disorder scale respectively. Responses were analyzed dichotomously according to published threshold values, characterizing the relative frequency distribution of prevalence (PCRS) or non-prevalence of clinically relevant symptoms (NPCRS). Results: Out of all participants, 47 [17.1%], Z(274) = 15.38, p = .001, 32 [11.7%], Z(274) = 17.94, p = .001, and 49 [17.9%], Z(274) = 15.04, p = .001 had PCRS of anxiety, insomnia, and depression, respectively. There were no signifcant diferences in the PCRS among genders. Compared with individual sport athletes, team sport athletes were more likely to report PCRS of insomnia (12 [37.5%] vs 20 [62.5%], Z(274) = −2.00, p = .046), and depression (18 [36.7%] vs 31 [63.3%], Z(274) = −2.63, p = .009) but not for anxiety. Conclusion: Athletes reported high levels of mental health problems during the lockdown. Team sport athletes reported worse symptoms of insomnia and depression than individual sport athletes, possibly due to the impact of unaccustomed social isolation and lack of social team activity. Therefore, it becomes relevant to consider psychological support to team sport athletes who for some reason, such as a pandemic, enduring crisis even injury rehabilitation needs to be isolated. (AU)

The correlation of sleep duration and insomnia with low muscle mass, strength and quality in Chinese adults / 中华流行病学杂志

Objective: To explore the relationship of sleep duration and insomnia with muscle mass, strength, and quality in Chinese adults. Methods: Based on the second resurvey of China Kadoorie Biobank (CKB) in 2013-2014, logistic regression models were used to analyze the correlation of sleep duration, insomnia, and its duration with low muscle mass, handgrip strength, and muscle quality. Results: The average sleep duration of the study population was (7.4±1.5) hours. Morbidities of short sleep duration (<6 hours), long sleep duration (≥9 hours), and insomnia were 9.3%,17.4%,and 29.9%,respectively. Compared with those who slept for 7- hours, those who slept for ≥9 hours were more likely to have low muscle mass, low handgrip strength,and low arm muscle quality (AMQ), and the OR (95%CI) of low appendicular skeletal muscle mass index (ASMI), low total skeletal muscle mass index (TSMI), low grip strength and low AMQ were 1.32 (1.18-1.48),1.26 (1.13-1.41), 1.33 (1.18-1.49) and 1.16 (1.03-1.30), respectively. Compared with participants without insomnia, insomnia patients were more likely to have low muscle mass,and the longer the duration of insomnia,the higher the risk (P for trend <0.001). Participants who reported <6 hours sleep duration and insomnia had a higher proportion of low ASMI and low TSMI,compared with those who slept for 7- hours and without insomnia, the OR (95%CI) were 1.26 (1.08-1.47) and 1.25 (1.07-1.46), respectively. Conclusions: Participants who reported ≥9 hours sleep duration were more likely to have low muscle mass,low handgrip strength,and low AMQ. Participants with insomnia had lower muscle mass, and the longer the duration of insomnia, the higher the proportion of low ASMI and low TSMI.

Insomnia and sleep deprivation in patients with epilepsy: issues about the pathophysiological interaction between them / Insônia e privação de sono em pacientes com epilepsia: questões sobre a interação fisiopatológica entre eles

There is a known relationship between seizures and sleep deprivation that increases epileptiform abnormalities and slow waves expressed in the EEG, but chronic insomnia, greater in patients with epilepsy (PWEs) than in healthy control, supposedly has a different mechanism linked to a hyperarousability state with increased rapid EEG activity and associated "restless REM". Therefore, there is a complex interaction at various levels between insomnia and epilepsy that may play a role in seizure presentation. The recognized interconnection between mood and anxiety disorders and insomnia should also advise special care in the management of psychiatric comorbidities in PWEs. This article raises questions related to the interaction between the brain basis of insomnia and epilepsy and the triggers of seizures, particularly sleep deprivation.

Há uma relação conhecida entre crises epilépticas e privação de sono que aumenta as anormalidades epileptiformes e as ondas lentas expressas no EEG, mas a insônia crônica, maior em pacientes com epilepsia (PCE) do que no controle saudável, supostamente tem um mecanismo diferente ligado a um estado de hiperexcitabilidade com aumento da atividade rápida do EEG e associado "REM inquieto". Consequentemente, existe uma complexa interação em vários níveis entre a insônia e a epilepsia que pode desempenhar um papel na apresentação das crises. A reconhecida interligação entre transtornos de humor e ansiedade com a insônia também deve aconselhar um cuidado especial no manejo das comorbidades psiquiátricas do PCE. Este artigo levanta questões relacionadas à interação entre a base cerebral da insônia e da epilepsia e os desencadeadores de crises epilépticas, principalmente a privação do sono.

Salud mental de los mexicanos durante la pandemia de COVID-19 / Mental health of the Mexican population during the COVID-19 pandemic

Resumen Introducción: La pandemia de COVID-19 también ha afectado la salud mental. Objetivo: Evaluar la salud mental de la población mexicana durante la pandemia de COVID-19 mediante la medición de síntomas de estrés, depresión, ansiedad, insomnio y resiliencia. Métodos: Estudio observacional, descriptivo y transversal. Con una encuesta se recabaron datos sociodemográficos y se aplicaron la Depression Anxiety and Stress Scale 21 (DASS 21), la Escala Atenas de Insomnio y la Escala de Resiliencia 14 Ítems (RS-14). Se obtuvieron medidas de tendencia central y de dispersión en las variables cuantitativas, así como frecuencias en las cualitativas. En el análisis bivariado se utilizó la prueba de χ2; el nivel alpha fue 0.05. Resultados: Se analizaron 1667 individuos con edad media de 33.78 ± 10.79 años. En la DASS 21 se encontró una media de 9.7 puntos (normal), 7.10 para ansiedad (normal) y 6.73 para depresión (normal). La Escala Atenas de Insomnio presentó una media de 9.33 puntos (alteración moderada) y la RS-14, 69.13 (resiliencia alta). Conclusiones: La intensidad de la sintomatología fue menor a la esperada en comparación con la registrada en otras poblaciones, probablemente por la alta resiliencia de la población mexicana.

Abstract Introduction: The COVID-19 pandemic has also affected mental health. Objective: To evaluate Mexican population mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic by measuring symptoms of stress, depression, anxiety and insomnia, as well as resilience. Methods: Cross-sectional, descriptive, observational study. A survey was carried out to collect sociodemographic data, and the Depression Anxiety and Stress Scale 21 (DASS 21), Athens Insomnia Scale and the 14-item Resilience Scale (RS-14) were applied. Central tendency and dispersion measures were obtained for quantitative variables and frequencies for qualitative variables. The chi-square test was used for bivariate analysis; alpha level was 0.05. Results: 1,667 individuals with a mean age of 33.78 ± 10.79 years were analyzed. On DASS 21, a mean of 9.7 points (normal) was found, as well as 7.10 for anxiety (normal) and 6.73 for depression (normal). In the Athens Insomnia Scale, a mean of 9.33 points (moderate alteration), and in the RS-14 scale, 69.13 points (high resilience) were obtained. Conclusions: Symptoms' intensity was lower than expected in comparison with that recorded in other populations, probably due to the high levels of resilience of the Mexican population.

Daily physical activity, human development index and insomnia in a representative sample of Brazilian adolescents: a cross-sectional analysis

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Although there is a growing body of research pointing towards the need to investigate how different movement behaviors, such as physical activity and sleep, influence each other, the joint relationship between these factors and insomnia has been little explored among adolescents in developing countries. OBJECTIVES: To investigate the association between daily physical activity and insomnia in a national sample of Brazilian adolescents, according to the Human Development Index (HDI) of each Brazilian region. DESIGN AND SETTINGS: Cross-sectional study on 102,072 Brazilian students aged 11 to 19 years, selected from all regions of the country. METHODS: Information on insomnia and physical activity was self-reported by adolescents. RESULTS: Our analyses revealed that girls who accumulated at least 60 minutes/day of physical activity on up to three days/week were less prone to present insomnia. This pattern of association was maintained only for those who lived in high HDI regions (odds ratio, 0.87; 95% confidence interval, 0.75-0.99). For boys, there was a positive association between the number of active days and protection against insomnia, especially for those who lived in high HDI regions. CONCLUSION: Even amounts of physical activity that were lower than the weekly guidelines, were associated with better sleep quality for Brazilian adolescents, especially girls, and even for those who lived in regions with greater social and economic vulnerability.

Binge drinking and insomnia in students from health sciences at one university in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

In spite of the many studies examining alcohol consumption, recent reviews have indicated that binge drinking has not been extensively studied. Furthermore, it is becoming increasingly clear that sleep is associated with many physiological functions and to drug addictions. The present study aimed to evaluate the relationship between alcohol binge drinking and insomnia in college students of health sciences. All first-year health sciences students (n=286) were evaluated in a cross-sectional study. Envelopes containing the Insomnia Severity Index (ISI), the Alcohol, Smoking, and Substance Involvement Screening Test (ASSIST), and questions capturing sociodemographic data were distributed and collected in classes. It was found that most non-drinkers were female (70.6%), although there were no sex-related differences in the number of binge drinkers (more than 5 drinks on each occasion at least once a week), allowing statistical comparison. The Mann-Whitney U test indicated that the ISI scores were significantly greater in female than male binge drinkers (P=0.014). Moderate or severe insomnia was reported by 23% of the sample, with alcohol being the most frequently associated substance. A specialized intervention was suggested by ASSIST: brief for marijuana (19.2%) and tobacco (23.3%) use, and moderate (31.5%) or intensive (1.4%) for alcohol consumers. The data highlighted the need to pay attention to the habits of college students beyond obtaining scientific information. New data suggesting the influence of genetics on insomnia may be of importance when performing additional studies on the sex differences in alcohol binge drinking.

Impacto psicológico da COVID-19 nos profissionais de saúde: revisão sistemática de prevalência / Impacto psicológico de la COVID-19 en los profesionales de la salud: revisión sistemática de prevalencia / Psychological impact of COVID-19 on healthcare workers: prevalence systematic review

Resumo Objetivo Sintetizar a prevalência de resultados psicológicos e de saúde mental dos profissionais de saúde que tratam doentes com COVID-19. Métodos Revisão sistemática da literatura. A busca dos estudos foi realizada nas plataformas PubMed, CINAHL e Scopus. Foram incluídos estudos em língua inglesa, portuguesa e espanhola, com data de publicação de 1 de dezembro de 2019 até 31 de julho de 2020. A revisão sistemática foi realizada com meta-análises binárias de efeito fixo de prevalência utilizando-se o STATA®15.0 e método do inverso da variância com transformação Freeman-Tukey double arcsine. Resultados A estratégia de pesquisa identificou 38.657 registos, dos quais apenas cinco estudos foram selecionados e integraram o corpus final da revisão. A meta-análise de prevalências para a depressão foi de 27,5% (IC95%=25,9-29,3; p<0,001), ansiedade 26,8% (IC95%=25,1-28,5; p<0,001), insônia 35,8% (IC95%=33,8-37,9; p=0,03) e estresse 51,9% (IC95%=49,6-54,3; p<0,001). Em três dos estudos incluídos os profissionais de saúde relataram níveis de trauma vicário adicionalmente importante, estresse pós-traumático, somatização e sintomas obsessivo-compulsivos. Conclusão A pandemia da COVID-19 apresenta um impacto psicológico muito significativo nos profissionais de saúde, assumindo importantes prevalências de depressão, ansiedade, insônia e estresse. Os profissionais de saúde da "linha de frente" são uma população particularmente vulnerável e merecem especial atenção/ intervenção.

Resumen Objetivo Sintetizar la prevalencia de resultados psicológicos y de salud mental de los profesionales de la salud que tratan enfermos de COVID-19. Métodos Revisión sistemática de la literatura. La búsqueda de los estudios fue realizada en las plataformas PubMed, CINAHL y Scopus. Se incluyeron estudios en idioma inglés, portugués y español, con fecha de publicación entre 1 de diciembre de 2019 y 31 de julio de 2020. La revisión sistemática fue realizada con metaanálisis binarios de efecto fijo de prevalencia mediante la utilización del STATA®15.0 y el método del inverso de la varianza con transformación Freeman-Tukey double arcsine. Resultados A través de la estrategia de investigación se identificaron 38.657 registros, de los cuales solo cinco estudios fueron seleccionados e integraron el corpus final de la revisión. El metaanálisis de prevalencias de la depresión fue del 27,5 % (IC95 %=25,9-29,3; p<0,001), ansiedad 26,8 % (IC95 %=25,1-28,5; p<0,001), insomnio 35,8 % (IC95 %=33,8-37,9; p=0,03) y estrés 51,9 % (IC9 5 %=49,6-54,3; p<0,001). En tres de los estudios incluidos, los profesionales de la salud relataron niveles importantes de trauma vicario, estrés postraumático, somatización y síntomas obsesivo-compulsivos. Conclusión La pandemia de COVID-19 presenta un impacto psicológico muy significativo en los profesionales de la salud, con importantes prevalencias de depresión, ansiedad, insomnio y estrés. Los profesionales de la salud de la "línea de frente" son una población particularmente vulnerable y merecen especial atención/intervención.

Abstract Objective To synthesize the prevalence of psychological and mental health outcomes among healthcare professionals who are responsible for treating patients with COVID-19. Methods Systematic literature review. The literature search was carried out in the PubMed, CINAHL and Scopus databases. Studies written in English, Portuguese and Spanish and that were published between December 1st 2019 and July 31st 2020 were included. The systematic review was performed using fixed-effect meta-analysis of binary data with STATA®15.0 and inverse-variance method using Freeman-Tukey double arcsine transformation. Results The search strategy identified 38,657 records. Only five of those studies were selected and were included in the final review corpus. The meta-analysis conducted showed that the prevalence of depression reached 27.5% (95%CI=25.9-29.3; p<0.001), the prevalence of anxiety was 26.8% (95%CI=25.1-28.5; p<0.001), that of insomnia 35.8% (95%CI=33.8-37.9; p=0.03) and the prevalence of stress amounted to 51.9% (95%CI=49.6-54.3; p<0.001). Three of the studies included in the review show that healthcare professionals have also reported significant levels of vicarious traumatization, posttraumatic stress, somatization, and obsessive-compulsive symptoms. Conclusion The COVID-19 pandemic is found to have a very significant psychological impact on healthcare workers and is quite likely to lead to an important prevalence of depression, anxiety, insomnia, and stress. Frontline healthcare professionals are a particularly vulnerable group and deserve special attention/ intervention.

Constructs of poor sleep quality in adolescents: associated factors / Os construtos de baixa qualidade de sono em adolescentes: fatores associados / Constructos de calidad deficiente del sueño en adolescentes: factores asociados

This study aims to evaluate factors associated with sleep quality (overall and by domains) in adolescents. A cross-sectional study. This study was conducted with 1,296 first-year high school students from public schools in the Northern Region of the State of Pernambuco, Brazil. Demographic, socioeconomic, and behavioral data were obtained with a questionnaire. Sleep quality was measured using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) Body mass index (BMI) was calculated based on the ratio of weight and height squared. Multilevel linear and logistic regressions evaluated factors associated with sleep quality. We observed 53% of adolescents reported poor sleep quality. Adolescents at higher risk of clinical depression were 3.45 times more likely to have poor sleep quality (95%CI: 2.04; 5.81), and each additional unit in the social anxiety score presented 1.03 (95%CI: 1.01; 1.05) higher odds of adolescents having poor sleep quality. Adolescents with depressive symptoms had higher sleep latency, greater sleep disturbance, and greater daytime sleep dysfunction. Social anxiety was associated with sleep latency, sleep disturbance, and daytime sleep dysfunction. Higher risk of clinical depression was associated with all domains related to sleep quality. Negative health perception was associated with sleep disturbance, and physical inactivity was associated with daytime sleep dysfunction. Social anxiety and especially higher risk of clinical depression were determinants of poor sleep quality. Changes in sleep latency, sleep disturbance and daytime sleep dysfunction seems to be relevant to poor sleep quality.

O estudo buscou avaliar os fatores associados à qualidade do sono (global e por domínios) entre adolescentes. Foi realizado um estudo transversal com 1.296 estudantes de primeiro ano do ensino médio em escolas públicas na Região Norte do Estado de Pernambuco, Brasil. Foram obtidos dados demográficos, socioeconômicos e comportamentais através de um questionário. A qualidade do sono foi medida com o Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI). O índice de massa corporal (IMC) foi calculado como peso dividido por altura ao quadrado. Os fatores associados à qualidade do sono foram avaliados através da regressão linear multinível e logística. Observamos que 53% dos adolescentes relatavam baixa qualidade de sono. Os adolescentes com risco maior de depressão clínica apresentaram 3,45 vezes maior probabilidade de apresentar baixa qualidade de sono (IC95%: 2,04; 5,81), e cada unidade adicional na escala de ansiedade social apresentou 1,03 vezes maiores chances (IC95%: 1,01; 1,05) de baixa qualidade de sono. Os adolescentes com sintomas depressivos mostraram maior latência do sono, maior transtorno do sono e maior disfunção diurna do sono. A ansiedade social mostrou associação com latência do sono, transtorno do sono e disfunção diurna do sono. O risco maior de depressão esteve associado a todos os domínios relacionados à qualidade. Autoavaliação de saúde negativa esteve associada ao transtorno do sono, e inatividade física esteve associada à disfunção diurna do sono. Ansiedade social, e principalmente risco maior de depressão clínica, foram determinantes na baixa qualidade do sono. Mudanças na latência do sono, transtorno do sono e disfunção diurna do sono parecem ser relevantes para a baixa qualidade do sono.

El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar factores asociados con la calidad del sueño (general y por ámbitos) en adolescentes. Se realizó un estudio transversal con 1.296 estudiantes del primer año de escuela secundaria, procedentes de escuelas públicas en la Región Norte del Estado de Pernambuco, Brasil. Se obtuvieron datos demográficos, socioeconómicos y comportamentales, a través de un cuestionario. La calidad del sueño se midió usando el Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI). El índice de masa corporal (IMC) se calculó de la ratio de peso y altura al cuadrado. Las regresiones logísticas y lineales multinivel evaluaron factores asociados con calidad del sueño deficiente. Observamos que un 53% de los adolescentes informaron de una calidad de sueño deficiente. Los adolescentes con mayor riesgo de depresión clínica fueron 3,45 veces más propensos a tener una calidad de sueño deficiente (95%CI: 2,04; 5,81), y cada unidad adicional en la puntuación de ansiedad social presentaba 1,03 (95%CI: 1,01; 1,05) mayores posibilidades de adolescentes sufriendo por calidad de sueño deficiente. Los adolescentes con síntomas depresivos presentaban mayor latencia de sueño, mayores perturbaciones en el sueño, y mayor disfunción durante el día de sueño. La ansiedad social estuvo asociada con la latencia de sueño, perturbaciones de sueño y disfunción del sueño durante el día. Un mayor riesgo de depresión clínica estuvo asociado con todos los ámbitos relacionados con calidad del sueño. Una percepción negativa de salud respecto a la perturbación de sueño e inactividad física estuvo asociada con un sueño deficiente durante el día. La ansiedad social y, especialmente, un mayor riesgo de depresión clínica fueron determinantes en una escasa calidad de sueño. Los cambios en la latencia del sueño, trastornos del sueño y disfunción del sueño durante el día parecieron relevantes para la deficiente calidad del sueño.

Prevalence of insomnia and anxiety among healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic in Jilin Province

The outbreak of the 2019 novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has impacted the mental health of healthcare providers at the frontline. Therefore, we conducted this study to estimate the prevalence rate of anxiety and insomnia and identify associated risk factors among healthcare workers in Jilin, China, during the period from January 25 to February 25, 2020. Zung's Self-Reported Anxiety Scale (SAS) and the Insomnia Severity Index (ISI) scale were used to diagnose anxiety and insomnia, respectively. Associated risk factors were identified through a multivariate logistic regression model. A total of 300 healthcare workers were invited and 236 completed the study. Of them, 234 (99.15%) were medical workers, 197 (83.47%) were working at frontline departments, and 159 (67.37%) were fighting against COVID-19. Fifty-seven respondents (24.15%) had anxiety (SAS index score ≥45) and 94 (39.83%) had insomnia (ISI score ≥8). Based on the multivariate analysis, contact with people from Hubei province during work (no vs not clear) [OR=0.25, 95%CI: 0.10-0.61] and personal protective equipment (PPE) (not in place vs in place) [OR=6.22, 95%CI: 2.23-17.40] were significantly correlated with anxiety. PPE (not in place vs in place) was the only significant risk factor of insomnia [OR=10.56, 95%CI: 4.00-27.87]. The prevalence of anxiety and insomnia was high in our study, reflecting the psychological impact of COVID-19 on healthcare workers. The unavailability of PPE in place was a significant risk factor of both anxiety and insomnia.

Salud mental en trabajadores de la salud durante la pandemia por COVID-19 en Chile

Background: COVID-19 has effects on the mental health of health care workers. Aim: To explore the presence of symptoms associated with mental health problems and associated risk factors in health workers. Material and Methods: The questionnaires PHQ-9 for depression, GAD-7 for anxiety, ISI-7 for insomnia and IES-R-22 for psychological distress were applied to 125 health care workers aged 18 to 67 years (32 physicians, 22 nurses and 71 of other professions) laboring in hospitals and primary care facilities along Chile. Results: Sixty five percent reported depression symptoms, 74% anxiety, 65% insomnia and 57% distress. Physicians had lower median scores in all scales than nurses and other health professionals. Professionals attending patients with respiratory infections or with COVID-19 had higher median scores in the scales that their counterparts. Conclusions: The frequency of mental health problems among these professionals is high and preventive measures should be taken.

Assessment of sleep quality of patients with panic disorder and generalized anxiety disorder during remission: a case-control study

Abstract Background Sleep disorders are common in psychiatric diseases. Panic disorder (PD) and generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) are two major anxiety disorders that are associated with sleep disorders. Objective We hypothesized that poor sleep quality continues in PD and GAD during remission. Therefore, in this study we aimed to compare the sleep quality of patients with PD and GAD to that of healthy controls. Methods The study included patients with PD (n = 42) and GAD (n = 40) who had been in remission for at least 3 months and healthy control volunteers (n = 45). The patients were administered the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), and Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). Results The total PSQI scores of the GAD group were significantly increased in comparison to those of the PD (p = 0.009) and control (p < 0.001) groups. The rate of poor sleep quality in GAD during remission (77.5%) was greater than that of the PD (47.6%) and control (51.1%) groups (p = 0.011). Discussion GAD is a chronic and recurrent disease. In this study, it was found that the deterioration in sleep quality of patients with GAD may continue during remission. In the follow-up and treatment of patients, it is appropriate to question about sleep symptoms and to plan interventions according to these symptoms.

Ansiedade, qualidade do sono e compulsão alimentar em adultos com sobrepeso ou obesidade / Ansiedad, calidad del sueño y compulsión por comer en adultos con sobrepeso u obesidad / Anxiety, sleep quality, and binge eating in overweight or obese adults

RESUMO Objetivo: Analisar a relação da ansiedade com a compulsão alimentar e a qualidade do sono em adultos com sobrepeso ou obesidade. Método: Estudo transversal, realizado entre maio de 2015 e janeiro de 2017, com amostra intencional composta por indivíduos de ambos os sexos, alfabetizados, com idade entre 20 e 59 anos, que apresentavam índice de massa corporal maior ou igual a 25 kg/m2. Utilizaram-se o Inventário de Ansiedade Traço-Estado, Escala de Compulsão Alimentar Periódica e Questionário de Padrão do Sono de Pittsburgh. Adotaram-se o coeficiente de correlação de Pearson ou Spearman na análise dos dados, de acordo com a distribuição destes. Resultados: A amostra foi constituída por 130 indivíduos. A amostra geral e os adultos jovens apresentaram correlação positiva entre os escores de ansiedade e os de compulsão alimentar (p=0,0011) e qualidade do sono (p=0,0081). Adultos com 45 anos ou mais apresentaram relação inversa da idade com a ansiedade (p=0,0003). Conclusão: A amostra geral e adultos jovens que apresentaram maior estado de ansiedade tinham maiores índices de compulsão alimentar e pior qualidade do sono. Contrariamente, nos adultos de meia-idade, quanto maior a idade, menor o escore de ansiedade. Registro Brasileiro de Ensaios Clínicos: n° RBR-47kfxh

RESUMEN Objetivo: Analizar la relación entre la ansiedad y la compulsión por comer y la calidad del sueño en adultos con sobrepeso u obesidad. Método: Estudio transversal, realizado entre mayo de 2015 y enero de 2017, con una muestra intencional compuesta por individuos de ambos sexos, alfabetizados, de edades comprendidas entre 20 y 59 años, con un índice de masa corporal mayor o igual a 25 kg/m2. Se utilizaron el Cuestionario de Ansiedad Estado Rasgo, la Escala de Atracón y el Índice de Calidad de Sueño de Pittsburgh. En el análisis de los datos se adoptó el coeficiente de correlación de Pearson o Spearman, según su distribución. Resultados: La muestra constaba de 130 individuos. La muestra general y los adultos jóvenes presentaron una correlación positiva entre las puntuaciones en ansiedad y compulsión por la comida (p=0,0011) y de la calidad del sueño (p=0,0081). En los adultos de 45 años o más se verificó una relación inversa entre la edad y la ansiedad (p=0,0003). Conclusión: La muestra general y los adultos jóvenes con mayor estado de ansiedad tenían mayores puntuaciones en compulsión por la comida y peor calidad del sueño. Por el contrario, en los adultos de mediana edad, cuanto mayor era la edad, menor era la puntuación en ansiedad. Registro Brasileño de Ensayos Clínicos: n° RBR-47kfxh

ABSTRACT Objective: To analyze the relationship of anxiety to binge eating and sleep quality in overweight or obese adults. Method: Transversal study, conducted between May 2015 and January 2017, with an intentional sample composed of literate individuals of both sexes, aged 20 to 59 years, who presented body mass index higher or equal to 25 kg/m2. State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, Binge Eating Scale, and Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index were employed. Pearson or Spearman correlation coefficient was adopted for data analysis, according to its distribution. Results: The sample comprised 130 individuals. The overall and young adults' samples presented a positive correlation between anxiety and binge eating scores (p=0.0011) and sleep quality score (p=0.0081). Adults who were 45 or older presented an inverse relation between age and anxiety (p=0.0003). Conclusion: The overall sample and young adults who presented higher anxiety state had higher indexes of binge eating and a worse sleep quality, whereas for middle-aged adults, higher age was related to a lower anxiety score. Brazilian Registry of Clinical Trials (Registro Brasileiro de Ensaios Clínicos): n° RBR-47kfxh

Anemia and insomnia: a cross-sectional study and meta-analysis / 中华医学杂志(英文版)

BACKGROUND@#Several recent genome-wide association studies suggested insomnia and anemia may share some common genetic components. We thus examined whether adults with anemia had higher odds of having insomnia relative to those without anemia in a cross-sectional study and a meta-analysis.@*METHODS@#Included in this cross-sectional study were 12,614 Chinese adults who participated in an ongoing cohort, the Kailuan Study. Anemia was defined as hemoglobin levels below 12.0 g/dL in women and 13.0 g/dL in men. Insomnia was assessed using the Chinese version of the Athens Insomnia Scale (AIS). A total AIS score ≥6 was considered insomnia. The association between anemia and insomnia was assessed using a logistic regression model, adjusting for potential confounders such as age, sex, chronic disease status, and plasma C-reactive protein concentrations. A meta-analysis was conducted using the fixed effects model to pool results from our study and three previously published cross-sectional studies on this topic in adult populations.@*RESULTS@#Individuals with anemia had greater odds of having insomnia (adjusted odds ratio [OR]: 1.32; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.03-1.70) compared with individuals without anemia. A significant association persisted after we excluded individuals with chronic inflammation, as suggested by C-reactive protein levels >1 mg/L (adjusted OR: 1.68; 95% CI: 1.22-2.32). The meta-analysis results, including 22,134 participants, also identified a positive association between anemia and insomnia (pooled OR: 1.39; 95% CI: 1.22-1.57).@*CONCLUSIONS@#The presence of anemia was significantly associated with a higher likelihood of having insomnia in adults. Due to the nature of the cross-sectional study design, results should be interpreted with caution.

Incidencia y factores condicionantes del insomnio en pacientes ingresados en hospital de alta tecnología / Incidence and Conditioning Factors of Insomnia in Patients Admitted in High-technology Hospital

RESUMEN Introducción: La población sufre insomnio en 30-35 por ciento, pero esta proporción aumenta con la hospitalización. Es necesario un sueño adecuado para una mejor recuperación del paciente ingresado. Objetivo: Analizar la incidencia y los factores condicionantes del insomnio en pacientes hospitalizados. Métodos: Estudio descriptivo observacional transversal. La población objeto de estudio fueron pacientes ingresados en unidades de hospitalización con episodio de insomnio durante su ingreso. De 4650 ingresos anuales, se obtuvo una muestra de 362 pacientes. Se utilizó la Escala Atenas de Insomnio para evaluar el grado de insomnio de los pacientes y listado de causas de insomnio para identificar motivos desencadenantes entre los pacientes con algún episodio declarado. Resultados: Con incidencia de 11 por ciento de insomnio agudo hospitalario, la puntuación total de la Escala Atenas del Insomnio fue de media 7,81 (IC95 por ciento 7,34 8,27) en un rango de 0-24. La habitación doble empeoró los resultados de insomnio (p < 0,01). Las edades mínimas y máximas de la muestra obtuvieron los peores resultados de insomnio, y el tratamiento hipnótico hospitalario mejoró los resultados (p < 0,01). Los problemas respiratorios coincidieron con los peores resultados del test (p < 0,01). Las causas de insomnio con repercusión en los peores resultados fueron "Molestias compañero de habitación", "Ruidos en Unidad de Hospitalización", "Incomodidad de cama/colchón", "Miedo/Ansiedad y "Dolor". Género y acompañamiento familiar no influyeron en insomnio (p > 0,05). Conclusiones: La incidencia de insomnio agudo de pacientes ingresados fue baja, debido principalmente a edad, tratamiento somnífero, enfermedad respiratoria, tipo de habitación, ruido, miedo/ansiedad y dolor, sin influencia del acompañamiento familiar(AU)

ABSTRACT Introduction: 30-35 percent of the population suffers from insomnia, but this proportion increases with hospitalization. Adequate sleep is necessary for a better recovery of the hospitalized patient. Objective: To analyze the incidence and the factors conditioning insomnia in hospitalized patients. Methods: Cross-sectional, observational and descriptive study. The study population consisted of patients admitted to hospitalization units and who presented insomnia during admission. Of 4650 annual admissions, a sample of 362 patients was obtained. The Athens Insomnia Scale was used for assessing the degree of insomnia of the patients and listing the causes of insomnia in order to identify triggers among patients with a declared episode. Results: With an incidence of 11 percent of acute hospital insomnia, the total average score of the Athens Insomnia Scale was 7.81 (95 percent CI 7.34; 8.27) in a range of 0-24. The double room worsened the results of insomnia (p < 0.01). The minimum and maximum ages of the sample obtained the worst results of insomnia, and the hypnotic hospital treatment improved the results (p < 0.01). Respiratory problems coincided with the worst test results (p < 0.01). The causes of insomnia with an impact on the worst results were discomfort caused by the roommate, noise in the hospitalization unit, bed or mattress discomfort, fear/anxiety, and pain. Gender and family support did not influence insomnia (p >0.05). Conclusions: The incidence of acute insomnia in admitted patients was low, mainly due to age, sleeping treatment, respiratory disease, type of room, noise, fear/anxiety, and pain, without the influence of family support(AU)

Insomnia and the level of stress among students in Krakow, Poland / Insônia e nível de estresse em estudantes de Cracóvia, Polônia

Abstract Introduction: Stress and insomnia are increasing problems in young people in highly developed countries. They influence both the physical and psychological aspects of life and seem to be related to each other. Various strategies to cope with stress exist and can be used to reduce its level. The main goal of our study was to find a relationship between insomnia, stress, stress-coping strategies and selected social and medical factors among students. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in March 2017 among students of seven public Krakow universities, using the Perceived Stress Scale 10, an abbreviated version of the Coping Orientation to Problems Experienced inventory (mini-COPE inventory) and the Athens Insomnia Scale. In the statistical analysis, the chi-square, Student's t test and Spearman's rank correlation coefficient were used. Results: A total of 264 students aged 22.22±1.5 years were involved in the study. High stress levels occurred in 10% of the respondents. A statistically higher level of stress was revealed in people suffering from chronic diseases (p=0.006) and in cigarette smokers (p=0.004). The most common stress-coping strategies were active coping and planning. Insomnia was present in 19.7% of the students. Insomnia level was correlated with the intensity of perceived stress (p=0.00; r=0.44). Conclusions: According to our study, one tenth of Krakow students perceive a high level of stress, and one fifth of the respondents suffer from insomnia. There is a strong positive correlation between level of insomnia and level of stress. To ensure high quality of life, problems such as stress and insomnia should be taken into consideration by every general practitioner.

Resumo Introdução: Estresse e insônia são problemas cada vez mais presentes em pessoas jovens em países altamente desenvolvidos. Eles influenciam tanto os aspectos físicos quanto os psicológicos da vida e parecem estar relacionados entre si. Várias estratégias de enfrentamento (coping) do estresse existem e podem ser usadas para reduzir seu nível. O objetivo principal deste estudo foi investigar a relação entre insônia, estresse, estratégias de coping, e certos fatores sociais e médicos em estudantes. Métodos: Um estudo transversal foi conduzido em março de 2017 com estudantes de sete universidades públicas da Cracóvia, na Polônia, utilizando a Escala de Estresse Percebido 10, uma versão abreviada do Inventário para Medir Estratégias de Enfrentamento de Estresse (mini-COPE) e a Athens Insomnia Scale. Na análise estatística, foram utilizados os testes qui-quadrado, t de Student e o coeficiente de correlação de Spearman. Resultados: Um total de 264 estudantes com idade média de 22,22±1,5 anos foram incluídos no estudo. Altos níveis de estresse ocorreram em 10% dos respondentes. Um nível estatisticamente mais alto de estresse foi revelado em pessoas sofrendo de doenças crônicas (p=0,006) e em fumantes (p=0,004). As estratégias de coping mais comuns foram coping ativo e planejamento. A insônia esteve presente em 19,7% dos alunos. O nível de insônia se correlacionou com a intensidade do estresse percebido (p=0,00; r=0,44). Conclusões: De acordo com este estudo, um décimo dos estudantes de Cracóvia percebe um alto nível de estresse, e um quinto dos respondentes sofrem de insônia. Há uma forte correlação positiva entre nível de insônia e nível de estresse. Para garantir alta qualidade de vida, problemas como estresse e insônia devem ser levados em consideração pelo médico generalista.

Análise da qualidade da informação autorreferida sobre duração do sono de escolares do Estudo de Riscos Cardiovasculares em Adolescentes (ERICA) / Quality analysis of self-reported information on sleep duration in schoolchildren in the Study of Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Adolescents (ERICA) / Análisis sobre calidad de los datos autoinformados sobre la duración del sueño en escolares del Estudio de Riesgos Cardiovasculares en Adolescentes (ERICA)

Resumo: Objetivou-se avaliar o comportamento do sono de adolescentes de 12 a 17 anos, participantes do ERICA (Estudo de Riscos Cardiovasculares em Adolescentes), estudo de representatividade nacional, segundo características sociodemográficas, turno e tipo de escola, e descrever a correção das horas inconsistentes. A coleta de dados ocorreu em 2013 e 2014. Foram feitas quatro perguntas sobre horas habituais de dormir e de acordar durante a semana e no final de semana, com 24 opções de respostas, uma para cada hora do dia. A análise das inconsistências considerou a distribuição de frequências das respostas quanto às horas habituais de dormir e de acordar, além da compatibilidade com o turno. A duração do sono durante a semana e final de semana foi obtida pela diferença entre horas habituais de dormir e de acordar e foi excluída se ≤ 4 ou ≥ 14 horas. A média de sono total da semana foi calculada pela fórmula: (duração do sono durante a semana x 5 + duração do sono no final de semana x 2)/7. Foram criados três grupos: dados originais (respostas que não necessitaram correções), dados corrigidos (inconsistentes, mas passíveis de correção) e dados excluídos (inconsistentes, para os quais não se tinha critério para correção). A correção recuperou informação inconsistente de 5.988 adolescentes (8%) dos 74.589 participantes. Foram excluídas 7.937 (10,6%) respostas. Os adolescentes cujas informações foram corrigidas ou excluídas são mais novos, do sexo masculino, de escolas públicas e da Região Norte. A correção minimizou perdas e conferiu maior consistência ao tratamento dos dados. O estudo contribui para o aprimoramento da construção de instrumentos de coleta de dados em estudos observacionais, tornando transparente a forma de lidar com as limitações inerentes ao método de coleta de dados.

Abstract: The study aimed to assess sleep behavior in adolescents 12 to 17 years of age participating in ERICA (Study of Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Adolescents), based on sociodemographic characteristics, school shift, and type of school, and to describe the correction of inconsistent sleep times in a nationally representative study in Brazil. Data were collected in 2013 and 2014. Four questions were asked on habitual time for sleeping and waking on weekdays and weekends, with 24 possible answers, one for each hour of the day. Analysis of inconsistencies considered the distribution of frequencies of answers as to sleeping and waking times, in addition to compatibility with the school shift. Sleep duration during the week and on weekends was obtained by the difference between sleeping and waking times, and differences of ≤ 4 or ≥ 14 hours were excluded. Mean total sleep duration in seven days was calculated by the formula (weekday sleep duration x 5 + weekend sleep duration x 2)/7. The following groups were created: original data (answers that did not require correction), corrected data (inconsistent, but amenable to correction), and excluded data (inconsistent, and for which there was no criterion for correction). Correction recovered inconsistent information for 5,988 adolescents, 8% of the 74,589 participants. A total of 7,937 (10.6%) answers were excluded. Adolescents whose information was corrected or excluded were younger, predominantly males, from public schools, and from the North of Brazil. Correction minimized losses and lent greater consistency to the data treatment. The study contributes to the improvement of data collection tools in observational studies, lending transparency to the way of dealing with inherent limitations in the data collection method.

Resumen: El objetivo fue evaluar el comportamiento del sueño en adolescentes de 12 a 17 años, participantes en el ERICA (Estudio de Riesgos Cardiovasculares en Adolescentes), según características sociodemográficas, turnos y tipos de escuela, donde además se describe la corrección de las horas incompatibles en un estudio de nivel nacional en Brasil. La recogida de datos se realizó en 2013 y 2014. Se hicieron cuatro preguntas sobre las horas habituales de sueño y de despertarse durante la semana y el fin de semana, con 24 opciones de respuesta, una para cada hora del día. El análisis de las incompatibilidades consideró la distribución de frecuencias en las respuestas, respecto a las horas habituales de sueño y de despertarse, además de la compatibilidad con el turno. La duración del sueño durante la semana y fin de semana se obtuvo mediante la diferencia entre horas habituales de sueño y de despertarse y fue excluida si ≤ 4 ó ≥ 14 horas. La media de sueño total de la semana se calculó mediante la fórmula: (duración del sueño durante la semana x 5 + duración del sueño durante el fin de semana x 2)/7. Se crearon tres grupos: datos originales (respuestas que no necesitaron correcciones), datos corregidos (inconsistentes, pero plausibles de corrección) y datos excluidos (inconsistentes en los que no había criterio para la corrección). La corrección recuperó información inconsistente de 5.988 adolescentes (8%) de los 74.589 participantes. Se excluyeron 7.937 (10,6%) respuestas. Los adolescentes cuya información fue corregida o excluida son más jóvenes, sexo masculino, procedentes de escuelas públicas y de la región Norte. La corrección minimizó pérdidas y otorgó una mayor consistencia al tratamiento de los datos. El estudio contribuye al perfeccionamiento de la creación de instrumentos de recogida de datos en estudios observacionales, haciendo transparente la forma de enfrentarse a las limitaciones inherentes del método de recogida de datos.

Prevalencia de síntomas de sueño y riesgo de apnea obstructiva del sueño en México / Prevalence of sleep symptoms and risk of obstructive sleep apnea in Mexico

Resumen: Objetivo: Estimar la prevalencia nacional de síntomas asociados con el sueño (SAS) en México, y su distribución por región, localidad y sexo. Material y métodos: Estudio transversal con muestreo probabilístico, representativo a nivel nacional en adultos mayores de 20 años. Se aplicó un cuestionario sobre duración de sueño, insomnio, uso de hipnóticos y riesgo de síndrome de apnea obstructiva del sueño (SAOS). Resultados: Los SAS más frecuentes fueron ronquido (48.5%) y dificultad para dormir (36.9%). Se identificó riesgo elevado de SAOS en 27.3% de los adultos, y se incrementa por índice de masa corporal (RM=1.1), edad (RM=1.03) y habitar zona urbana (RM=1.37). Se reportó insomnio en 18.8% de los participantes, que predomina en mujeres (RM=1.88). La duración promedio de sueño fue de 7.6 ± 3 horas; 28.4% de los adultos duermen <7 horas/noche. Conclusiones: Existe una elevada prevalencia de SAS. Uno de cada cuatro adultos mexicanos tiene elevada probabilidad de padecer SAOS. La detección y tratamiento de SAS pudieran minimizar los efectos deletéreos en la salud.

Abstract: Objective: To estimate the prevalence of sleep related symptoms (SRS) in Mexico, and their distribution by region, urbanization and gender. Materials and methods: Cross-sectional study using a national probabilistic sample among adults over 20 years old. We applied the Berlin questionnaire for sleep apnea risk (OSA) and questions on sleep duration, insomnia and sedative use. Results: The most frequent SRS were snoring 48.5% and difficulty falling asleep 36.9%. High risk for OSA was found in 27.3% of adults, increases with BMI (OR=1.1), age (OR=1.03) and urban residence (OR=1.37). Insomnia was in 18.8% with female predominance (OR=1.91). Average sleep time was 7.6 ±3 hours; 28.4% of adults sleep <7 h/night. Conclusions: SRS are highly prevalent. One in four Mexican adults have an elevated risk for OSA. Their detection and treatment could minimize detrimental health outcomes for them.